Gwynne Dyer: Emotion, not economics, drives European Union separatist movements

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      In other parts of the world, separatist movements are usually violent (e.g. Kashmir, Sri Lanka, the various Kurdish revolts) and they sometimes succeed (South Sudan, Eritrea, East Timor). Whereas in the prosperous, democratic countries of the West, they are generally peaceful, frivolous, and unsuccessful.

      A case in point is the various separatist movements in the European Union. Scotland will be holding a vote on independence from Britain in 2014, and both Catalonia and the Basque country in Spain have just elected nationalist governments that promise to hold referendums on independence. But it will probably never happen.

      The Scots, the Catalans, and the Basques tend to see themselves as victims, but nobody else does. They are self-governing in most matters except defence and foreign affairs, they have their own budgets, and they maintain separate education systems and cultural institutions.

      The Scots get more money back from the central government in London than they pay in taxes, while Catalonia and the Basque country (Euskara, in the Basque language) claim that they contribute more to Madrid than they receive. But the sums are relatively modest, and in any case it is not necessary to break up the country in order to renegotiate fiscal imbalances.

      What really drives the separatism is emotion, which is why popular support for it is so soft. Rectifying the historic defeat of (insert name of centuries-old lost battle here) by declaring independence in the here-and-now has great emotional appeal, but most people put their economic interests first. Nationalist leaders therefore always promise that independence will change nothing important on the economic front.

      The way they do this in both Scotland and the separatist regions of Spain is by insisting that membership in the European Union would pass automatically to the successor state. The opponents of secession, however, argue that there’s nothing automatic about it.

      The arguments are not just directed at the home audience. Last month, when Scotland’s First Minister, Alex Salmond, agreed to the terms for the 2014 referendum with the British government, Spanish Foreign Minister Jose Manuel Garcia-Margallo promptly declared that an independent Scotland would not automatically be an EU member, and that any one of the 27 EU member states (like Spain, for example) could veto it.

      “In the hypothetical case of independence,” he said, “Scotland would have to join the queue [for EU membership] and ask to be admitted, needing the unanimous approval of all member states to obtain the status of a candidate country.” The European Commission president, Jose Manuel Barroso, also said in September that an independent Scotland would be seen as a new state and would have to apply to join.

      This was furiously disputed by Alex Salmond, who knew that his chances of winning the 2014 referendum were nil if the Scots believed that they were voting to leave the EU. For months he insisted that he had sought the opinion of his government’s law officers, who had confirmed that Scotland would inherit EU membership automatically, and would not even have to adopt the euro. Alas, he was lying.

      Late last month, it became known that Salmond had not actually asked for the law officers’ opinion at all. Now he has been forced by public opinion to pop the question— and he may not like the answer.

      An even bigger defeat for Salmond came in his negotiations with British prime minister David Cameron, where he had to agree that the referendum would ask a simple yes-or-no question: in or out? This goes against the instincts of all separatist leaders, who prefer a fuzzy, feel-good question that doesn’t mention the frightening word “independence” at all.

      The most famous formulation of this question was in the 1995 Quebec referendum on secession from Canada: “Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Quebec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?” Not exactly clear, is it?

      That referendum was very close, but in 2000 the Canadian federal government passed a law generally known as the “Clarity Act”. It said that negotiations between the federal government and any province on secession should only follow “a clear expression of the will of the population of a province that the province cease to be part of Canada.”

      This requirement would not be met, it added, if the referendum question “merely focuses on a mandate to negotiate without soliciting a direct expression of the will of the population of that province on (independence)," or if the question “envisages other possibilities…, such as economic or political arrangements with Canada, that obscure a direct expression of the will of the population on (secession).”

      This law drastically reduces the likelihood that the separatists could win any future referendum in Quebec, and it’s obviously what David Cameron had in mind in his negotiations with Salmond on the Scottish referendum. As for Catalonia and Euskara, the national parliament in Madrid must approve of any referendum on separation, and the current Spanish government has made it abundantly clear that it has no intention of doing that.

      So it’s mostly just hot air and hurt feelings, really.

      Comments

      6 Comments

      James G

      Nov 28, 2012 at 8:06pm

      Not so much hot air as North Sea oil. Looking due east from Scotland, Scots can look to Norway's economic miracle based on their common North Sea resource with envy. All of those impressive environmental initiatives and social programs are easily paid for and without belonging to the EU. The detail that more revenue is spent in Scotland than collected is moot.

      Salmond may have poisoned the well for a successful referendum with simply too many concessions. It wasn't so much that a clear question was required as Scots will have to stomach a pledge (however received by others) to remain in the EU and NATO and this further divides opinion.
      http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/oct/23/alex-salmond-eu-legal-adv...

      Henri Hopere

      Nov 28, 2012 at 10:29pm

      One of the most ill-informed articles i've read on the topic.
      Gwynne..there's nto a single paragraph in this that stands to any level of scrutiny. Sorry, but this is extremely poor journalism...and looks to just be trawl through the UK Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail.
      There are two sides to every story but you wouldn't thinkso reading this tripe.
      Here's another side....http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/05/10/1090492/-The-United-Kingdom-is-...

      Bored

      Nov 29, 2012 at 1:26am

      it all started with the introduction of the euro. that is where things went wrong. for example what would cost one dutch guilder before introduction of the euro ended up costing one euro after introduction meaning double the price so europeans got shafted big time money wise by the euro. then there are these silly rules from the eu for all kinds of things. for example france is a large beet sugar supplier and germany needs more beet sugar but france is not allowed to sell to germany but can only store the sugar and gets money from the eu to do that. germany that needs more beet sugar has to request a permit from the eu to import from brazil as they are not allowed to buy from france plus eu levies a tax on sugar from brazil so that is just the tip of the iceberg called the insanity of the eu.
      one currency is easy and moving around without needing permits is nice but the rest is crap. plus the engine of the eu is germany and that country should reintroduce the german mark and get out of the eu as they don't get benefits from it at all. it is economics driven for a large part and europeans tend to be very nationalistic anyways

      JohnMcDonaldish

      Nov 29, 2012 at 4:48am

      I think this pejorative piece of nonsense is driven more by mainstream Canadian attitudes to Quebec and the PQ than by any sensible view of what is happening in Scotland.

      I'll take only one point - Scotland isn't leaving the UK. Scotland is the UK along with England as a partner. The vote is to dissolve the UK leaving two major constituent parts to decide their own futures and direction.

      Heck, it may be more likely that Scotland will remain in the EU given the significant anti-EU feeling in England.

      Your readers are poorly served by this embarrassing standard of reporting.

      David Cox

      Nov 30, 2012 at 5:14am

      Am not sure much of this is true; it is very dismissive. Factually, the Basque government of Inigo Urkullu has not promised any referendum. They are in no hurry. And by the way, 'Euskara' is the name for the Basque language, not the Basque Autonomous Region, as Dyer implies. In contrast, commentators have said Catalan separatism is primarily about money, not emotion. Both views can't be right. Either way, there is no attempt to understand, only to dismiss. In this double standard, so called 'nation state' nationalism is OK -- but if you don't have a State, your nationalism is not OK. What really drives people like Dyer and those who oppose peoples gaining independence is also primarily emotion; fear. He notes that Spain would not permit any such referenda, but does he think this is actually right? And, if so, why?

      F. Nichol

      Nov 30, 2012 at 11:48am

      As a former member of the S.N.P. in my younger foolish days, I think Scotland should remain as part of the U.K. It is a cruel, cold world out here, and it will be much worse without the aid of Mother England!
      Anyway, Scotland's worst enemies were always fellow Scots!